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(May 2015) ()
Trial of , October 1458.
A trial in the United States. The
is seated at the front of the room.
In , a trial is a coming together of
to a , to present information (in the form of ) in a , a formal setting with the
claims or disputes. One form of tribunal is a . The tribunal, which may occur before a , , or other designated , aims to achieve a resolution to their dispute.
Where the trial is held before a group of members of the community, it is called a . Where the trial is held solely before a judge, it is called a .
may have many of the features of a trial before a court, but are typically not referred to as trials.
is also generally not deemed a trial, because such proceedings are usually restricted to review of the evidence presented before the , and do not permit the introduction of new evidence.
Trials can also be divided by the type of dispute at issue.
(in 1808) was the venue for more than 100,000 criminal trials between 1674 and 1834.
trial is designed to resolve accusations brought (usually by a ) against a person accused of a . In
systems, most criminal
are entitled to a trial held before a jury. Because the state is attempting to use its power to deprive the accused of life, liberty, or property, the
afforded to criminal defendants are typically broad. The rules of
provide rules for criminal trials.
trial is generally held to settle
or civil claims—non-criminal disputes. In some countries, the government can both sue and be sued in a civil capacity. The rules of
provide rules for civil trials.
are not ordinarily considered trials, they retain many elements found in more "formal" trial settings. When the dispute goes to judicial setting, it is called an administrative trial, to revise the administrative hearing, depending on the jurisdiction. The types of disputes handled in these hearings is governed by
and auxiliarily by the civil trial law.
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(May 2008)
Labor law (also known as employment law) is the body of laws, administrative rulings, and precedents which address the legal rights of, and restrictions on, working people and their organizations. As such, it mediates many aspects of the relationship between trade unions, employers and employees. In Canada, employment laws related to unionized workplaces are differentiated from those relating to particular individuals. In most countries however, no such distinction is made. However, there are two broad categories of labour law. First, collective labour law relates to the tripartite relationship between employee, employer and union. Second, individual labour law concerns employees' rights at work and through the contract for work. The labour movement has been instrumental in the enacting of laws protecting labour rights in the 19th and 20th centuries. Labour rights have been integral to the social and economic development since the industrial revolution.
This section does not
any . Please help
by . Unsourced material may be challenged and .
(March 2010) ()
There are two primary systems for conducting a trial:
systems, an adversarial or accusatory approach is used to adjudicate
or . The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from the open contest between the
and the defense in presenting the
and opposing legal arguments with a
acting as a neutral referee and as the arbiter of the law. In several jurisdictions in more serious cases, there is a
to determine the facts, although some common law jurisdictions have abolished the jury trial. This polarizes the issues, with each competitor acting in its own self-interest, and so presenting the facts and interpretations of the law in a deliberately biased way. The intention is that through a process of argument and counter-argument, examination-in-chief and cross-examination, each side will test the truthfulness, relevancy, and sufficiency of the opponent's evidence and arguments. To maintain fairness, there is a , and the
lies on the prosecution. Critics of the system argue that the desire to win is more important than the search for truth. Further, the results are likely to be affected by . Those
with resources can afford to hire the best .
Some trials are—or were—of a more summary nature, as certain questions of evidence were taken as resolved (see
legal systems, the responsibility for supervising the investigation by the police into whether a crime has been committed falls on an examining magistrate or
who then conducts the trial. The assumption is that the truth is more likely to emerge from an impartial and exhaustive investigation both before and during the trial itself. The examining magistrate or judge acts as an inquisitor who directs the fact-gathering process by questioning witnesses, interrogating the suspect, and collecting other evidence. The lawyers who represent the interests of the State and the accused have a limited role to offer legal arguments and alternative interpretations to the facts that emerge during the process. All the interested parties are expected to co-operate in the investigation by answering the magistrate or judge's questions and, when asked, supplying all relevant evidence. The trial only takes place after all the evidence has been collected and the investigation is completed. Thus, most of the factual uncertainties will already be resolved, and the examining magistrate or judge will already have resolved that there is
of guilt. Critics argue that the examining magistrate or judge has too much power in that he or she will both investigate and adjudicate
of the case. Although lay assessors do sit as a form of jury to offer advice to the magistrate or judge at the conclusion of the trial, their role is subordinate. Further, because a professional has been in charge of all aspects of the case to the conclusion of the trial, there are fewer opportunities to appeal the conviction alleging some procedural error.
A judge may cancel a trial prior to the legal parlance designates this as a mistrial.
A judge may declare a mistrial due to:
The court determining that it lacks
over a case.
Evidence being admitted improperly, or new evidence that might seriously affect the outcome of the trial being discovered .
Misconduct by a party, , or an outside actor, if it prevents .
which cannot reach a verdict with the required degree of unanimity. In a criminal trial, if the jury is able to reach a verdict on some charges but not others, the defendant may be retried on the charges that led to the deadlock, at the discretion of the prosecution.
Disqualification of a juror after the jury is empaneled, if no alternative juror is available and the litigants do not agree to proceed with the remaining jurors, or the remaining jurors not meeting the required number for a trial.
Attempting to change a plea during an ongoing trial, which normally is not allowed.
A declaration of a mistrial generally means that a court must hold a
on the same subject.
Some other kinds of processes for resolving conflicts are also expressed as trials. For example, the
requires that, following the
of the President, a judge, or another federal officer by the , the subject of the impeachment may only be removed from office by a trial in the .
In earlier times disputes were often settled through a , where parties would have to endure physical suffering in order to prove or through a , in which the winner of a physical fight was deemed righteous in their cause.
St. Eve, A Michael Zuckerman (2012).
(PDF). Duke Law & Technology Review. 11.
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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