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论汉英翻译中句子结构层面的中式英语现象
V 8632{写}对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文论汉英翻译中旬子结构层面的中式英语现象专业:窆}垦适壹堂皇廛星亟直堂研究方向:翻逢堡途生塞践作 导 者: 师:姜毯 周硷写作时间:2QQ5:曼Q=2Q壁亘:垒对外经济贸易大学 英语学院 论文提要中式英语是汉英翻译中普遍存在的问题,其产生的首要原因是汉英两种语言 之间存在各种各样的差异。虽然英语在中国正在大范围普及,但是真正精通这门 外语的中国译者为数不多,这在一定程度上造成中式英语泛滥,对中外交流产生 了不小的负面影响。因此,对中式英语作相应的研究非常必要。 本文从句子结构角度出发,探讨汉英翻译中的申式英语现象。通过分析汉英 两种语言在句子结构方面的主要差异,探讨了由此导致的一系列中式荚语现象, 并提出相应解决方案。 论文第一章主要介绍中式英语的定义,及其与中国英语的区别,并指出中式 英语的危害。 本章还对论文的写作目的,研究方法和组织结构作了相应说明。第二章回顾了国内外有关中式英语的研究。简要介绍了本文的理论基础一尤 金-奈达博士的等效翻译理论,并介绍了由他提出的科学翻译步骤。在此基础上, 指出解决句子结构层面中式英语的最佳方案,即为全面准确传达原文意义,必须 在翻译时重组译文结构。 第三章对比分析了荚汉两种语言在句子结构上存在的主要差异。 第四章以大量的例证,对比分析了汉英两种语言的主要句子成分一主语、谓 语方面存在的差异,归纳了由此导致的中式英语现象,并提出了解决这些问题的方法。第五章介绍了由于其它句子成分处理不当导致的中式英语现象,以及避免这 些问题的方法。 最后是结论部分,再次强调在汉译英中,要避免或尽量减少中式英语现象就 要从汉英两种语言句子结构差异入手,在译文中尽量体现英语的句法特点,为准 确完整表达原文意义,姑须要对译文形式作相应的改变。关键词:中式英语汉译英句子结构 Abstractchinglish iscauseacommon phenomenon that exists in chillese―En911sh translationThern却orof chinglish is the dif凳rences between the Chinese and Englisharelanguages.Thou舀1En911sh is belng populanzed in China,not many people whyreally proficient jn lt,and Ihat is intercultural collllnunication.chjn―lshbecomesaseriouspmblern thathampersloTherefol’e,iI iS meaningfulto explore this problcm,andcome up with some solutions.This thesisanalyzesthedj行erencesbetweenChineseandEnglishats”IacticalleVeldiscusseS the problem of Chlllglish caused by these differences wiIh abundant examples,and finall y,pmVides relevam solutionschapter onebetweenservesas anintroduction,presentingChinathe defmition。fatchingl斌lhe di玎erencesthechinglish andEn―ish,Chinglishs”lacticallevel,andha衄ofChinglish.Thjs chapIer also describes the purpose,research melhodology and the stmcture of the thesis.Chapter Two reviews thealso includesap删ous studiesonchin曲shby wesIerll and domestlc scholars.ItbriefintmductlonofEug吼eNid a’s Dynamic EquiValencetheo阱whichis thetheoretical basis of thjs thesis;and the tra【lslation procedures proposed by him,whicharebeljeved lo be very helprul if f01lowed properly in translatioll The author points out lhat t11e best approach to aVoid Chinglish at syntactical leVel is lo restructure lhe transiation transfer the original meaning exactly and coⅡ1preheIlsiVelyso astoChapterThree isacomrastiVe study of the syntac cical aspeccsd擒^erences between ChineseandEngllsh fmnl threernajorchapter Four analyzes the key Verb betweendi脯rencesin the two basic senlence elements,mesubjcctand theC|ljneSe andEnglish,sumrnarizes the problemsabulldant exarnples,andcaused by puts forwardimpr。per rclevanthandlI“g of thc two basicelements withIl of the Chapter Rve Introduces some other problems with the handling C.E lranslation,such as,the harldling ofpronouns,and modifiers.sentence stnlcture1nThe last part is the conclusion of the thesisIn this pan,the author reemphasizes that the beslway to avold,or at Ieast to reduce Chinglish at syntacticalleveJ in C-E translation is to be clear about the syntactical di行erences between t11e twO languages,and to try ourbeSl to renect the syntactical fbatures ofEn―ish{Ilourtranslation.hl order to如儿y transfer the meaniIlg,translators shoIlld rest九lcture thcir Iranslations.Key Words:ChinglishChinesef English trallSlatiollsemenceslr∞ture AcknOwledgcmcntsMyslnceregratitude first goes lo my supervisor Miss Zhou Lif培,without whose inspmng and encouragement this thesis would have been inlpossiblc.I havemst九Icthls,patiencebenented greatly f如m herⅢumi腑tive tutoring and Valuable adVice.No words can如lIy express my thanj(s to heL1 would also like to tllar出other Ieachers at UIBE:ProfⅥhng Emnian,Prof J.a Wenhao,Prof1妇ng Yugongtoname justafew.Their deVotion and leaming haVe made my two’year studyhere fmitml and rewarding.My thanks also 90toPr0£YuLijuIl'Pro£chenXiaoquan,and Pro£“zhengzhong,whogive∞li曲te正ng suggestions锄芏rlythesis proposal,Theirinsight锚v主ewsonthc topic haVegiven me much inspiration.1 am also helps meade印lyindebted toⅡly classmate Dong Jirong,who10t with the coIlcction ofmaterials.In addltion,1 wam to thatll(my parents,for their lOVe and suppon their constantoVerChe past years,andencourag锄em du^ngthe composinon ofthis thesis. Chapter one IntroductiOn1.1 l。1.1chiⅡ91.sh叫h obst耻IeThe De6niIion ofatoIⅡter哪蛔nl Communican仰ChinglishVery popular“alingl姘'has becomete眦nowadays.n waschosenas one0f the“Top TcnMost Poplllaf wbrds of 2005”by拍e‘‘New SecondG如由口f血哪昭e^彻Hffor,andⅥ,as jokingIy called theaLanguagc of China”.Chin弭ish,as its name suggests,isisancombinalion ofare“Chinese”aⅡd“E叫ish”.It un擎am眦ticallyneworawkward mixtIlre i11 which ideas conceiVed in chineseunjdiomatically expreSsed iIIaEn出isb.Tbough alingUshis relatiVelyate珊,ithas been in existence for tbe inlong time.hl the past,it was also caIledPid舀nareEn91ish.WithdeepeniIlgof intercllltu珀1 communication,more and morc 0fpeoplele珊ingEn甜ishCh抵HoweVer'fewi越uenceofth咖arereally咖petentseeatit.MoSt peopleis the root of slreets,incannot get rid《thechinese讲lencommullica£ing inEn蚤ish.Thiscllin甜islLN0wadays,Chinglish is almost tourisIs’gIlideS,inubiquito呱.weClli蟛ishin thesupeHnarkets,in becomeapublic畸materials,andin maⅡy othe‘places.It hasvery seIious probIem that halnpefs interculturalc0衄unjcations,and“has dr删tIIe attention of scholars botll bOme and abroad.Theternl“chin掣ish”h勰beende右ned by manyschola随Foras aex锄ple,JoallPinldlaIn,锄American scbolar who has becn worl[ing in ChinapoiIlts out intranslator and polishef for maoy years, mat misShapen,her砌£孔伽胁fDr奢唧姚fD cA魄倦^:“cIliIlglisll,of course,is11lat is nei血er Engiishnorhybrid l∞guageChinese but might bedes商bed as‘En酉ish w油andolinese characleristics.”’(Pinl【llam,2000:1)Deng Y柚chaⅡ舀all e印en衄En翻ishwestern culture,defines the interferenceorchi唧ish,as“跚nglishis speechorw血inginEn出ishatha£showsiIlnu%ce of clIinese”.(邓炎昌,1989:115).Inword,Chin鲈shEn甜isb.Itlearners. becombines the characteristics of Chinese aIld isEII―ish,yet En甜isheasilyit{s neicher Chinese,nor is localized natiVe byauniquelanguagephenomenon,incannotwhichChinesechin出ish,undoubtedlybeunderStoodbyspeakers,aoreVenmisunderstood by them.Scholars both home and abroad have been doing1lot of researchon how t0 avoid Ofreduce Chinglish when it is pOpularized in China.This thesis is intended to makeanin?depthresearch仰thi5 problem based叫theachjeVements of those scholars.1.1.2The DiffbreⅡces btt、Veen ChingIish and China EngUshMany people confUse Chin酉ish with Chinathe same.ActuallE吲ish,and they believe thatEn粤ishatlle批otermsarey,chi叫ishandchinarefer tot、Ⅳoquitedi断entlanguagete衄satphenome曲.It be酉∞ingis quite necessary tomkedistinction between thet、votlle Vefyof tllis thesis.1.Chinglishwittlthe dcepeningof舀obalization,Englishin tllehasal肿st becomcanintem越onalla“gu89e.Itis leamt in mostc0衄trieswodd,觚dit has become the“common langIlage”Of peopleeVeⅡa craze劬mdi廿erent cllltural backgrounds.hI China,tIIefe isfor learningEll一娥Ashas been mentionedab0Ve,Chin百ish En酉ishistI埒uI岬mmaticaIexamples fromorunidiomatic En翻ish.hI o哂ersentencewords,chin斟ishiswith舒a衄atical mistakes,awkwardarestrtldures,wfongwords,and othcr problems.Heres哪eJo孤Pinl【tlam’s弛e胁n幽衙i国£如细C^咖哦曲t0iⅡus仃atc虹fcatllfes:(1)00RRECT:NoiⅡvestment.oncwouldcomehereandinVest谢tllout gct血g retIlrns彻hisWRONG:N0onew0Illd comehere粕d inVest埘thoutgetⅡngrettIrIls0n盟investment.一-l抛埘M晡Ⅺf用西招妇(2)cORRE(m nIet00second qu船虹on conccms c10sepl盟ting.o.0ps shouldneither spread 0utthimynorplanted toodosely.(Pir曲Iam,2000:206)conccrnswRONG:Thetoosecond questioncloscplanting.曩should鹏inlerbe spread outfhi【llynorplanted tooc10sel弘…一wh阳耐钟,If棚ce叻哪cm肥(3)coRREcT.Thetcachcf盟融圃鲤th。嘲曲t stIldenl,s failure lo fjIlish his homewofk.student’s自订ure to finish his homewRONG:The teacher盟趔塑鲤lhe bfi曲twork.…渐伽占w口耐(PinlclIaIIl,2000:206)2 2.China English China has been developi“g veryfast“ersince the reform and Opening up’and itbecomesmore innuentialin the wOrld than cvefbefore.M0re柚d mofe history,culture,and current development ofourforei印crsareinterested in tllet0coum珥Sometimes,i“s di艏ctIltourfindaready―madethoseEI蟛ish wordtoexpress ourselVes when we try to intfoduce toareforeign fdendsto createconcepts锄dideas tllattennspeculiartoaliIla.h that caSe,we haVearcsomeEn百ish temls.Thesearecalled chinaEn四ish.Heresome typical examples:失跃进:Great h叩F0州ard“十一五计划”:theM0vementElevench Five-yeaf Plan“三个代表”:“Three Represents” systems一国两制:∞e cour血y,脚o铁铂碗:iroⅡfice bowl纸老虎:paperdgerThesete加shave beeⅡacceptedbytlleEn甜ish-speal【i】唱world,锄d EnglishisatheyarcwideIy used bywestemrr砌ia.unlikc ali嘲ish,Chinapromoteourpositivcl彻guage phenomenon,whichhelpsuscllltl|fe柚d ide勰,and alsohelps tlle wofld lⅡlow China bcttcr1.1.3stnldu瑚l D.雠比Ⅱ啷be押een En羽bh and C砧n瞅at synbctlcalareh丫d.As we all know,EIl酉ish矩d CIIi∞setw0 quiIedi疵佗ntlangllages.They belong tod堪erentlaIlgIlage蛔ilies,i.e.En班ish belon琴to the IfIdo?Eu∞pe姐la“g【lage family'whileSjno-Tibet锄胁lily.11le stnlctufe of ClIiIleSe iseasy forusChinese belongs t0toodi腧ent劬m that ofdi朊rences benⅣeenEngljsh.It is,therefore,qllite En出ish,if we En―ishsentenceafetoaeate alinglish when we translate Chinese inco speakiIlg,thenotaware of thosedi如rcnccs.Generallybeand0linese砒syn£acIical levcl∞nis likcaViVidly describcdby Mo metaphors…Theast九l咖re 0f clIi啷ebanlboo plaIlt,while that of EⅡglish is likeaduster Ofgrapes,Or tlle seⅡtence stnIcture Of Chinese is like sman body,while that oflion,wilhaabighead衄daarelativelyEn百ishis 1jkcapeacock,喇th1small head,andmuch biggerlail. If weuseacademic terms,these di廿erenccscanbe describedas:alineseis di£E!uSiVe andin detail iII paratadic,while English compact and hypotactic.These features will be discussed Chapter 3.Ⅱwe grasp the strIlctural differences betweentothe咖1anguages,aIld payattendonthem when doing c―Etr柚slation,Chin出ishcanbe avoided,or at least,reduced.1.2 T1leHa珊ofChingHshC0mmmlicati伽a1.2.1 ChiⅡg-ish Hampe璐InteKlIltm鼍IChir呼ishis aⅡobstade for native speakers to get che intended meaning frompiecc oftranslation.As we people toknow'Chindishis not idiomaticEnglish,soait mustsentencecauseproblems forunde哪a11d.Sometimes,的tiVeaspeal【ers haVe to readagain and again togc¨heintended meaning ffomtf锄slatoL Wbrse sml,tlley mayeVenⅡlisunderstand t11emeaning of the ori画nal.Jo柚Pin】(1lam mentions thc follo丽ng exa“1ple in her b00k:Ex砌ple:Minutes0f柚interim telephonereponto丛旦Q丝地鹚duIing塾丝investiga怕n证H口dⅫPrefeclure,HcbeiThe ChineseProvince,(PinldlalIl'舢:208)is舶mvolume I oforigi眦lof this sentenccthe&如“耐胁出D,zJlD“砌kf.Z量lou EIllai.But zllouThe tme antecedentof“his’,_曲epefson makiⅡg the thc pfonoIllIinVestiga曲Ⅱ_0sis∞t mentionedilI thiSsentencc,锄dat咖hcsitsclf instead to the pefson who isdescribed蚰tlle page,MaosureZedong.Readefs may be confIlsedbythe referent of“his'',notwhemer it refeIstoM∞or Z量10u.Somereaders may get the corred inteIpretationbyreferril唱tO the conte】【t;omers may interpret山e me柚ing船““is MaO who was doing theinvestigacing”.From this example,wel【llow thatchin舀ishcaIIbevefyha删|fIllt0intercultural 00mmunications.1.2.2Chin羽ish Misl∞dsdoes not onlyEngIishLeame瑚for natiVeChinglishc卸se扭conV蚰iencesspeakers,h硼persaintercllltufalco哪unication,butis also harmfIll t0Engl曲le帅efsnotin ClIina.Supposearnistake is madeVery often by many EngIishlearners'butcorfected forlong time.It becomes fossilizedaSin learners’mind.These leamers mistaken the wfong expression when the realthe correct,and this isaretr叫blebcgins.Such rIlistakes start to spread4am蚰glearners.Even teachers iII丑uencedbyachin酉mAIld they sometimes teach their students in the wrong way,fofmingvicious circle.In that case,everyone is leaming Chinglish,notEnglish,aIldthe fesults maybe devastating。Here孤e some typical examples: Examples:(1)实现现代化WRONG:to跏mplish modemizatiOnCoRRECr.t0 modertli2e(2)提供援助WRoNG:toprovide assistancc tocoRRECr.to勰sist(3)主要集中在wRoNG:mainb妣us00RRECr:f('cusononTherefore,it is vefyimpon卸tforustopayen邮ghanentiont0(min百ish,卸dtry to avoidthem inourGE tra船Iation.when ctlin醇ishappea璐in lr蛐slations,tra皿slatofs should con℃d“quicl[1y sO髂t0 pfcvcnt thebad硼u铋ce fmm spr∞ding.1.3 Sign砺恤n∞ofthe&udyAS姐EIlglish Chinese柚dintcfcIItturallearneL血c autIlor finds thataclear understaⅡding of tbedi虢rences beMeenE喀ishis the foundation to masterEn酗h,yet itis the hardest to achieve.Asco岫unicati伽getsonsoh它quent nawadays,translat0捂are more intefested in studydoing reseafchthe relatioIlshiponbe觚een clllture姐d“ans王ation£han幻languagetoitself-Asabe舒nnertfanslation,the author ofteⅡfeels丘ustratedfmd herselfnotable totr扑slatcquite well,which is not because shcdoes∞t howtlle difEerences between Chinese difEerenccs be“,een t11e is quitesO asand westem cllltures,but because she does twonot舯印tlle s衄ldurallanguages.Hcf舭Ⅱngis sharedbym蛆y be画册e硌onbet、veenⅡletr如slati0II.ne础Dre,itmeaningfulto probe illtO thetodi胞rencesonM0languages at syntactical levelget fid ofChi峭ishatroot.Basedthe achievements of the scholars mentioned above,atthis thesis is jntended toanalyze chin出ishsyntacncal leVel and proVide some soJutions toS thjs prOblem.1.4 I沁searchMethodOlo野aSincc trallslation issl(ill,o¨cchnique,nothing∞Illdbe more peIsuasiVe thanprovi曲lgrelevant examples tO supportthe author’s argIlment.By analyzi“g abundantexamples,卸dcompafing and contrasting difEerem Versions for the same example,the autllor tries t0 drawpeople’s 卸alyzedattention to in thisali嘲ish at syrnadical leVel,andafetodiscuss its solutions.The examplesonthesismosdy selecIed丘omareb00kstmnslation and govemmentthe authordocllmen晦and the tra璐lationsherself.There China DailyareproVidedbysometranslation experts andalsO sOme examples pr0、,ided byone0f hef classmate,whO isus ananintem forW曲site.nOse ex狮ples柚dversi0鹏pfovided by hef giveopponunjty to Versi0Ⅱs by咖p舡etlled咄咒nd“ionsbyatr粕slation be西皿e‘andtIle polishedexpefienccdforei驴expenS。1.5St邝ctum0fthe‰isservesThis tIlesis consists Of 6 pans: Chapter 0neas趾int刚udi傩,whichgivesabfiefi山oductionof伽蝉ish,thesignific卸ce 0f t量le Stud*me purp鸺e of tlIe thesis,tlle rcseafch meIlIodology’卸d thest八lctureof che tlIesis.Chaptef 1ho is曲e study made lhealiIemture reVicw of the prcViousstudies伽ChiⅡ垂ish.Theauthor introducesby出e AIne五can础Iolar Jo孤Pinkha鸥the Dy凸am.c Equivalence thco啦醐dscien蠲c劬瑚a如n p眦edures prop璐edby Eugene Nida. TmeaIapterdiscIlsses med峨rencesbe帅e曲ChiIlese锄d EfI西ishatsyntactical level,vs,wim tlle focusonthree pairs ofdi‰ces.Theyafe,syntlletic vs.anaI)r£ic,compaddi肋siVe,hypotacticVs.pa珀tadic.ChapterFourdiscuss髂how幻aVoid chin醇ishatsyIna拍calleVelbyanalyzing andcompa“ng the two basic sentence elemenIs,tlle6subjedand tlle kcy vefb.The autllor classifies the problems caused by impToper handling of the solutions Co lhOse spec湎c problems.subjedand the key Verb,and pfoVidesChapter 5a11alyzes otIle‘pmbIemswith thehandling of thesenterLcest九lcIureinGEtranslatiOn,like tIlose problems with theuse0f pronouns,and mOdifiers,etc.The l鹪t part is the conclusion of this discllssion.It is8general summary of the whole thcsis.h this part,tlle aumor reiterates thenotessenceOf tlle thesis,mat is,translatorst啪slate meaningfofm,IlI order to矗my transferthe meanin岛they shOuld restnlctufe their versions,aIId notbe confjnedbythe触1Il oftheoriginal.7 Chapter TwO“tera“I件Review2.1 A Review ofstudi鹤蛐Chinglish by Joan Pinbamin chapIer 1,clIingIish has drawn attention舢hasChinesebeenmenti伽edof融h forc睁aIldscholars.孤eZh巩s缸for童G“胁DH(疆拥g髓讯is writtenbe%worHng alin垂ishin Chinaas aby the American scholarJOaII Pinkham wh0 has her b00l【,she dividessentencetn璐l酏吖and polisher for many years.IIlint0 two types:unnece稿ary words,and thc problems wilhastnlctures.sheal∞昏Vesandetailed analysjs of each b00ktype埘th ablllld卸t柚dpefsuasiVeex枷ples.nis qu“eenlightening Chinglishfortr扑slators锄d EIlgIishle姗ersinchina.Since th呈s thesis focusesonoccurred at syntacticalleVd,the autIlorw缸ts torecap the prOblems with sentence曲nlc“lresmenti衄edin Pi丑l出矗m’s b00k in this chapteLPinkhanl mentionsv撕Ousaspects of sentence strIlcture in PartaT咖ofherb00k.AIlsentencethechapters in that pan rela把to Shecentral necessity:to makenounanEn菩ishclear and logicaln帅est}屺mistakes at syntac6cal levd船:the alldpla皇;llc,pronouns卸d antecedents,thestructure,and logicalplacement of pllrasesconnedives。Alldauses,dan班ingafemo碰eIs,p盯alldn锄etllese向stal【csmadc bytranski锄b蟛肋ers quite o‰n,yel s咖ctimessI蟾甚ests,is theusctheyaresimply i舯0fed.For exampIe,noIlIl plague,嬲itsaof vaguegeneral and abstract nouns.n is thetypical IIlistake that 0ft明appeafs in translati0鹪,even in 0folIrEf嘻ishVersionsof thedocIlmentsgoVe蚴ent.Itonenmakestr柚slatioflsis“co唧licated,long池ded,ponderous,and曲scⅢe.”(PiIIlcllm,2000:170)HereexampleOnnthe ovemse ofnoIIns劬mher boOk:1.A:TheP艘l垒壁塑迪堕of the曼西s熊塾鳗ofthis temple isduetotlle§Q丛d韭Y0f“s£Q坠s堑坠垡!iQ坠:B:T1lis Theretotempie照整垒迪趔because jt w弱solidly bu丑t。<PiⅡkll蜘,2000:172)Version丸whilelhere isnonearefour abstract nouns,inin、,ersion B.n is notdimcultdjsc0Ver tllat Vbrsion A is t00 complicated,and not easy t0 understand comparing witIlversionB.Thfoughoutthebook,Pinkham adVocatestheuseof Vefbs,becausetheyare8 “simple,concise,vigomus,and aboVe all,cle札”(Pinl【|lam,2000:170)English istoaIIl her View'“Plain lot of exampleslanguage basedonverbs”.(Pinkham,2000:170)shearealsousesaiⅡustrate other mistakes at syntacticalleVel,which come up withVery persuasive.Ⅱtranslators want thetosatisfyingVersions,they must stan ffom comparing and contrastingasstnldures ofchiⅡese柚d En舀ish,sot0avoid thesentenceproblemsatsyntacticalalevel.Theessenceofherb00k is that tomake锄En班ishsimple and clear isgood way toaVoidChin百ish.2.2 Dynamic EquiValence 2.2.1Fomal Equiv蚵蛐ce坩.DyⅡamic Eq|IiValen∞isThis thesisb勰ed0nDynamic EquiValence theory proposedbyEugeneA.Nida,锄iIllp叫柚tAmcric强tr粕slationtheor斌Heproposes“dynaIIIic equiValence”in his famous lhiIlks that tIlerearcbook“而M胁一&咖cP口,胁H幽f昀”(1964).NidaequiValencestw0 l【inds offortr蚰slation.One0nisf0珊al,andbotllthe other isdynamic.“F0rmalequivalcncefocuses attentiontlle messageitse垃infom and∞ntent….Viewedrec印torfrom this formalorientation;one isc0删meddi纸rcntthat the message in tlle elements in tllesollrcclanguage shOuld matchaasdosely舔possible thcl柚gIlage”.(Ni电1964:159)T0largcextenl,叫nglishm蚰tioned盯evcryappeared intr粕slationis the聊0duct 0f belong to quitef0咖La王仃强slation.≯恼h弱beenlanguage fanlilies,and they tlIat word-for-word and thein chapfer l,Chinese and di任brcnt inEⅡ酉ishIt isdi缸reⅡtobvio哪stmctllre.sentencc―for_sentencc traJ:Isla廿on do not work here.Ⅱwe talcef∞malequivalenceasglIid柚cc for伽f扛粕slatingpradice,orain omerwords,if we donot碰I仃uctureanourtfaIIsla曲ns,we cansddom come up耐thsatisfactOry Version.Hefc isexample:铜鼓不仅被当作食器,乐器,军鼓,而且还被认为是神力和部族首领权威的象征.(选自中国文化网一鼓文化)A:Not confined t0acoo】【ing utensil,a musical iIIstrument,orawar d兀lm,the copper drIlmwas deemed hol y,symbolizing the diVine power of the gods and the autllority tribal leadefs.enjoyedby theB:A:Not地量r业confined Io!照鱼堕盟i鱼墅篮a c001(ing utensil,a musicalqinstrument,ora war drIlm,the copper d兀lm and the authoritywas丛望deemedtheholy,symbolizing the diVine power of the godsenjoyed byt曲alleadefs(From幽盟生照i坠垒£望!l丛驻:Q磐).Havi“g readVefsionA,a“f0珊al”tr锄slation,readerst0amay feel puzzled abOut the realmeaning 0f the sentence.D0es the author referdivine po、ver 0f the 90ds,0r dynamicacoo菇ng utensi王as the symbol of thecanOoppef drIlm,Or something else.V色rsi0ⅡBbe regardedas atfanslation,the translatorseenadds“tlle functiOns Of’in the translation,which isnowhere to bebut implied in t11eori西nal,aIldthusavoids锄bigIlity.By印plying dy腑micm柚yequivalence,thetf卸slator0f Version B ckarly states tll砒it is the copper drum that hasfIlnctio船the symbol 0f tlle pOwer oftraIIsfer thegods.F咖tllis exa唧le,weknow that in ordcr tom∞ning Of the QIineseOdgi删,we吼lst res蜘cture0ur扛anslations.According produceatoNida’adynalIlic equiVaIent把mslatiOn,“…atr柚slatiOnwhich attcmpts to of equiValentdyn砌icratherttl柚afo衄alaequiValence is bascd upon‘t}leoneprinciplee虢ct”(Nida,19“:159)hIfeceptor-languagesuchtmnslationttleis notsoconccmed wich matching thewi血tlle dynamicmessagc埘thsource-l粕guage message,butrela曲nstlj仉that the他lati伽ship be柳een rcceptor锄dsaⅡle asmessage shollld be substantially thelhat whiclI existedbe柳eentheorigiIlal"cepto硌孤d the message.nattIralne韶of VeryA uanslanon ofdynaIIlic equivalence the twoai衄at completedisclIssion tllearee印陀ssion…”(Nida,1964:159)whenis called uponlangIlagcs衄derdi&rem,the仃a脚latortot0砌kca900dm卸yforf0珊alshifIs intransla曲nachieVe thes锄ee蜘.TakeimpossiblcCllinese andE啷ishpmduceex咖ple,if、veindo Ilot haVea擘∞d ho、Ⅳledge of也e柳owould belanguages,we mayt0chinglishali∞se―English tr柚sIatjon.Itactlieve“equiValent natiVee&ct”,becallseChi嘲ishcannot,oratleast cannot easily be underSl00d byspeakcrs ofEn酉ish.Thercfore,“isquitehelpfulint0getfidofchesmlcfuraltoconf!inement,and puIsue山e equiValence of e伍ecttransla廿ng.Oppositefom词equiValence,dynaln主c equiValence adVocates thc equiValenccof“me粕ing”∞t“fon―Theor卸thorbutholds that the cau∞ofChinglishfullyouriII C.E translation is tllat we tranSlate、vDrds meanin舀and achieve thef0瑚,notmeaIIing.IIl ordertotransfer thenaturalness ofexpression,we haVe to rcStrIlctureVersions sometimes.Herc is anOther exampIe:10 7家商业银行在镇上密布了40余个网点。(《英语笔译实务二级》P67Ⅸ中等收入人群成为长三角社会主体》)A:Sevcn commercial ban虹open more than 40 branches in the tawn? B:The town is crisscrossed with the outlets of the Vbrsion A issevenmajor commercialbanks.aword-for-word tra王IslatiOn Of the Chinese original.obViously,it is not speakcrsa900dversion,because‘‘b卸k’’cannot叩en‘‘br卸ches’,by itself.En舀ishB llses“town”as t}le expression jllogical and ridiculous.Vefsionmyfind thissubject,wtIichchanges the more,fo咖of the耐ginal,but t阳nsfefs缸me锄ing.Thercfore,ittheⅡanslator us鹤tlle word“crisscfossed’’which is trans】ated inaIIisabetEerVersion.What’s “密布”,butequivalent toit is notV酬on A.2t2。2Pmoedu建s forlh璐lati蛆P瑚posed byNidaNida also puts forward the proccdures for tmnslation in tlles枷ebook.According t0 llim,therc矾e three technical procedures for tmnslation:(1)AIIalysis (2)CarefIllof therespec曲elangIlages,source and receptor; Ianguage tcxt;Study 0f tllesourcc(3)DeterⅡ】【iI怕tionofthe appmpriate equiValents.(Nida,1964:241-243)Th鹤e thfee proccdurcs pmp0∞d by Nida盯e Very heIpflll fortraIlslation.The procedures reflectaustoavoidChin殍ish协simple fact,that is,if we wantto仃缸sla【e weⅡ,wc prer鹎uisi姥fofusshouⅪbe pfofidem in botll Chinese and analyze the twoEn舀ish,becausethat is nletol柚guages,underst勰dthe0ri舀na王tcxt well,柚dput it iIlto idjomaticEIl弭ish.Wb should also l[now tlle di曲嚣ences between the two languagcs,which will be discllssed indetail in C}Iapter 3.Ifwe蛾notaw盯e ofthe andd近erences,we maycreateChi吲ishinourtra璐lat洒Ⅱ.AⅡintranslation.all,卸aly血g thesourcerecep眦langIlagcssholIld be the fifStst印inKnowjng the di仃efences between tlle two yet it is the hardesct0l柚guagesisabasic requirement forustfaIISIatOrs,achjcve.舢Nidasays“Moreove‘it is essemialthat he be fulIy11 acquaintedwiththemeanings0f syntacticstructures;it isinthisparticIllarareathattranslators often show theif珂eatesl weakness.Though we may understand quite well the meaniItg 0f individual wofds and pllrases,weareoften woefuUy lac“ngin fIlndamentaln is so hard ap口eciation of the meanings of con啦uctjons,”(Nida,1964:241)since the sI兀ldufal difEefences between the two languages,“is necessary to give of thc syntacticalato眦sterdetailed analysis thestmclI雠softhe柳olangllages,as wm bediscussed inf01lo州ngchapters.The second step is to Fasp the intendedr∞aIling of the original hdwwearcsupposed t0 translate.overIIl order to grasp tlle inteⅡded meaning,we shouldlextthc la“guage well,and read in cllina pfoposes:“It isthecarcfIllly.As Jin Di,atof挪ollsreadtranslationtheo凼tex骶melyimponant for a仃蛐slatoroVerate蛾al leaSt twice.The first reading is pfimamydesi蓼edtOgetagene越Ovemllview of thecontenl.D―且gthe second readinga幽IlslaIorshollld pay very spedal a佳emion to meaning of thedetails”.(Jin Di,1984:159)OIIly wh朋weit corredly’IlIget thec0删origillal,can、槌translateasfa“undefSt柚dingdoes not meaningthe same t0 us、vho read to tra衄latetoreadefs,wh0 fead t0 get ill】FomlatiOn.Wb sh0IIld getS0 asamore in―depth卸d detaned underst卸ding th扑tllc r∞ders dogettomalcesurethal thereadersmecon喇岫咖a油n.What’silllpIiedmore,it is notaten0I珏咖!ogct thesuperfidalmeanin笛we should seek for tlle relanonsllip bet、veen da惦es.Hereme锄ingtIle same time so醛to find 0ut theis姐ex锄ple:在此过程中,n鼓文化n与其他艺术形式不断融合,在不同的地区,展现出不同的形式美 感。(中国文化网一鼓文化)A:Durjng the pmcess,Chinese drIlmperfo加1柚ceof beauty inansintc舻ate with otherfo珊sof arts.ney b咖g t0血e view啪di彘姗tsensesdi如呦t托酉ons.artsB:During the process,aⅡnese山umperfb删ancescnscsint孵ate喇thothef fom坞of ans,△5旦盟s业,tlley bIillg tothe Viewers di任e陀ntof be鲫tyin衄erent re百ons.IrI many cases,tberelationship be“Veen clausesinalineseuseis not dearlydescribed,butimplied.Ho、VeVeL when we do C-E translation,we haVe to12cohesive ties to connec£those dausess0astospell their relationshjp out.IrI this example,the reIationshjp 0f causalitybetween the first and the Second clause is not stated clearIy in theor远inal,andthere isevennoconjundiontoshow this“nd of relations圭Iip.Because of thedi纸reI雠sbetween C1hinese result”in theandEn掣ish,we must clarifyasthe felationship of causality by adding“asatranslation,sotomake the meaningcleaL柚dtlle expfessionsnlooth孤d natural.Therefore,V色fsjon B is dearerth柚、,ersion A.The last step is tO detemdne appropriate equiValents,In this c船e,itme孤stoput the Chinese嘶ginalinto 900dEn舀ishwithouttlle infl∽nce of Ihestnlccureof oⅢmothertongue,t0chinglishis very likely to appeaf in tllis蛐lge,becausecanammslator is requiredbe Veryp∞丘cient in En羽ish,so hecomeup埘manexcellent rendition.HdweVeLasse∞ndusel柚guage leafllers,缸Ⅳcanreaclt that leVel'NeVertheless,we should remember lo reviseourtr了加rbest toEn殍ish pro&记ntly,and alwaysVersions after we fimsh tfanSlaⅡng.sentenceFor example,we should pay special and try tOcaIl useanemi加tothoseidioma曲En醇ishpanems,them inouftranslation.P删hading is跏imponantourstep in translation,and“canhelpuscorrec£those nliStakes in whethcr it reads likeVersi0璐.F0r exaInple,weoralso readOurversionaloud toseeEn百ishnot.Ⅱits叫ndsawlcward,then we should p01ishn t0 makc it more idiomatic.Example:在大学里攻读7年,方能取得中医博士学位。(Ⅸ英语笔译实务二级》P190《中医学》)A:onecangetadoclor,sd哆eein孤dmo蹦ali珏eseMedicine afterstudying7 yearsincoⅡege. B:It takes 7 ye缸s 0f uIliversity education t0 completc chinesc Mcdidne.aDOctOral de孕ee in ThdiIionalAs tIa鹏latjon begiImers,we tendtobe influencedbythe strudure of tlle original deⅡy that VbrsiOn A isaalot,so wemay come up with Version A.Of cOurse,nobodycorrectcanhundred percentasgrammatically.HoweVeLasif we compare theMD、,ersjons,weanfmd Vbrsion A is notsentenceEnglishVersion B.Vcrsion B is composed with13idiomaIjcEIl―ishpattern, while、,ersion A is not.“It takes some cime to do something”isanidiomaticEn百ish semence or噜inalpattem.1f wecanuseidiomatic expressionspr06ciently,wemay not traIlslate theintO vl;fsion A.Therefore,as be玎exibletr卸slators,we mustpay atteⅡtion to idiomatjc expressions,and that could be easily undersl00d byenoughtoput them jntoidionla血1卸guagenative-speakers ofEr嘲ish.ZoC0nCI璐ion the洲thorin£roduces AmeficalI sch01ar Joan Pinl(ham’sIn this chapteL whicharestlldies锄ChingⅡsh, dynamicvery helpfIll forChinesetmslalors.Theauchor als0 discusses theequiValencelh∞ry proposed byasNida,on wllich her thesis isbased,and the translationareprocedu∞s pr叩∞ed by NidatoweU.王妇hthc theory and pmceduresVery hdpfllI forusavoidoIin醇ish,雒h船beenproved by thedetaned卸alysisarc0f manyex锄ples.It iswonhmeⅡtioning tllat tlIe three procedures proposed by NidareduceVerypfa甜cal;tlley c柚helpusaIinglishiⅡollr咖slations.ahirlglish would appear in any of tlle thfee pIo∞dures ifpr叩erly‘we fail to follow n他m14 ChaplPrnmAcompads咖ofch.m始eaⅡdEn羽ishats,ntacticalI蠢vel3.1D眦咖c幅betw咖Engnsh and ChiⅡ黜at synt矗cucaI L七vel.a【eAs we all krlow,Endish卸d chinese chine瞬iseasy forustwo qune dl丘erent languages.ThestrIlcture ofI州as c10se响htothat ofEn世ishasother Eu∞peaII IangIl89es.Thercforc,证is iⅡtoqu沁c瑚teoIin91jshwhenweⅡ粕slate clliⅡ船eEnglisll'if we a刚10taware o£tIlose difbronces.Manysch01a巧havc bcen doing researchonthedmr眦es betweenCbjⅡese andEn舀ish.F0riⅡhisex锄ple,“ansh帅eng hasmadeadetailed compari∞n of aliⅡese柚dEn蛐shc叫懈“坩毓触龆o,D‘硝小口nd西抽部己Hechinese andpoints咖t10majm didhenccsisbetweenEngIish.Fofe糊邮Ie,Englis量la11dis o。mPad,w量li王eusesaliⅡcsedi甑sive,EⅡglishhypo蛆ctic,chine研paratadbstrucIureEn垂ishmorc passivc voiceth柚chinese,elc.The0fEnglisbmore0ris morec岫plex thanthat ofaI讯ese.Tbe10 di自6erences memjoned inhis b00kbe鳓l曲outareless renected atsynt删callevel.1f we簪asp these djdbrences,wemythem when wctmsl砒e chmse缸o ED廖ishI By“s way'chinglishsoInec卸beavoided,叫at lcas‘rcduccd.h thjs chapte‘we wjn disc惦sco小ribuIe co the 111is协l【es tb丑l Ilsuallyof the differences thatl眦de by tra船lati蛐beginnefs.3.2synmetic Vs?Anal了ⅡcAccording【0髓蛔er§r阴聃^kwC鲫曙抽招鼬血M,).,afo哪ss”tIIetictola“guageiS“cb啦cte订zedbyhequ衄tand systcmatjc llse of iIInec£ed 0Jdelpr既sgra㈣ti(=alTelatjonships”?Im沁Germ柚,andE喇ishafe1ypical synthebc langu49es.ModernEn班劬isdcrl州加m o量d&掣ish,∞n a蜘删ni缸齿船cufes of咖thetfc languages,yct矗0f锄aI”ic langu89Bs.F0rexaInple,jc has iⅡfledionalalso has the featu『esf0皿s,whjchafe aqpicaI fcat眦e of 8”theIic lal}gu39c,yct it js not船cnmpI既鹅dther synthctic langll39cs.珏e鼢月加胁Ⅱ北。崎B矾咖H4,)t de矗nes a啦叫c language勰tllis:aniS“characte―zed by in wordaanalytic language cha“gesafelaliVely frequen£use 0f铀Aclionw甜电卸xili8ry verbs,蛳dorder to expfess syntaccic rela“Ons,Talllef 0rder to exprcss syn{actic felatiOns,ratlleri5th粕of th粕ofinnecled forms,”chiⅡese is iIlflecIed forms”ChiⅡese isin worda typical analytic laIlguageTherecanbe many modifiersordauses inanEn甜ishs0sentenceand me shoner elementsareusually put beforc those longer ones,and that is the peacock?If the same imOacalled end-weight,like t11esh印e0fame柚ingis to be expressed in ahinese,tlle sentence may bc arrangeddi如rentordeL Usually,aolinesecaIlsentenceisarr柚gediⅡthe Order 0f those intime卸dlogic.The order of those sentcncc elements The theme oforbe totallydi任er衄t矗omEn酉ishsentences.the Inos“mportalIt pan of cheir血皿ation q血etheis usually conveyed at mebegi如iⅡgf0ⅡowanEr四ish sentencc.Whilein chinese,“is0ppos№chin%e el蛐eⅡts.sentencesthe order of time and longer semencc most imponaⅡttolo舀c,notthe length of the sentencc befofe theIIl Chinesc sentences, shape 0fael锄蛐ts us岫Uy 90sboner∞es,like thcli叩,锄dtheinformati∞isoften found atthe蛐dof the sentence.Therefore,it is imponamrestnldⅢeollrtfa玛la£ion when仃柚slatillg ChincSe intoEl世sh.Hefe is锄ex蛐ple:1.由于贵国政府的提议,才得以这样快的重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高*。This sentence could betr蛐slated勰:1was aU the mOre delighted when,鹪a resun of theinniatiVe of youf govemment,赴proVed possible t0 reilIstate tllevi斑soquicldy.Wecanseetllat tlle Ordcr Of the sentenceeI锄eⅡts is阳ve撂酣、汕蛐t圭le sentenceusis pu“Ⅱto inourEnglish?nercfore,it is∞tversi叩.IIl mostVery sensible fortotry to copy che form of me0uroriginalcases,it is unavoidable torcstfuc时etra啮lations.3J compactVs.Di匝璐№3.3.1 compadFeat吣ofEngllshAs has been mentioned in“柚’s Book En脚ish is compact while chinese is di由fIlsive.T1lesetwo fea£uresarereflccted at meir sentence structuresfcspcctivel弘En垂ishsentencesusuallyhaVe dose。kIlitted structurc,which is likeadustcr 0f乎apes.That is,every sentence,excepcelliptical衄esaremusthaveasubject柚dakeyverb,just likctlIe vine 0f舒apes.Othef modifiefslike tlle莎apes0ntlle Vine.The thesubjectand the key verb shotlld be concord in numbeLatense,gendeL eIc?,and thcyarekemei 0fcansentence.T如uglloneasemencc may be very key vefb in it.EnglishcomplicaIed wich seVeral dauses,therebe 0nly1 6subjectandone sentencescanbe grOuped intoMotypes,simple senIences and multiple sentenccs.A Simplecansentenceisanindependent clause.A Multiple sentencebeacompound sentence,oraco唧lexsentence.Thefomerisfomed bycoordinate dauses,while the htter isc0唧osedof dauses,with the relationship 0f principal一and subordinate.TheretoaretworeasonsthatEn弭ishis compact.Firstly,all theafeEn甜ishsentcncescanboild删5 basicsentcncepattems,whichquitelimited comparing with t110se of chinese.aSecondly'En出ishfollows the concofd nlle,that is,the elements insentencemust be inconcord with each otlleL“肋Sh伽eng su咖arizes En百ish(1)S+V E晷Itis (2)s+V+PE.g I am raining.sentcnccsinto 5 b勰ic Sentence pattems in his book.aIlEn脚ishteacIler.(3)s+V+0 E晷GcoFgebrokethewindow.(4)S+V+o+OE.g. She passed me tlle salt.(5)S+V+0+C E晷Weelecledllim伽rsccretary’Most of tlle En酉ishwords,allsen£cnces,10ngsentencesareorshort,caIl bon down to tlle ab0Ve f!iVe pattems.In otherareE11dishthe Variations of the fiVe patterIls,whether llIeytheexpansion,combinaⅡon,删ssion,0r inVerSion of tllem.Anotller inreas蛐thatmal【esEIIglisharecompacl iS that sentencc eIements must be kepl in concord examples:pers仰,n岫beL etc.Heret、vo(1)Themusicdti喳grumbling about theimpending17Mozaft anniVersary.(singular) Music critics amund the world垒堡謦umbling about the impending MOzart annjVerSary(Plufal)(2)He壹出盥alongsingular)allauthentic team矗om IheMaryinskyin SlPetersbu曙(T1lirdpefsonThey亟啦alongplural)anauthentic把am from theMaryinsky in st Petersbu增.Cnlird personHoweVeL we l(Ilaw th砒tllere isnOsuch concofd nlle in a[Iinese,whictl makesuseasy t0瑚hIIlistakes in tllis respect,whenustm璐lating舶mcllinese intoE蟛islL111erefore,it is etc.Othenvise,necessary fort0be carefIll wittIⅡ地concord ofn岫ber,tense,gendeL乒ammaticalrⅡistakes脚yappeaL33.2AsDi舶sive F曲tu舱ofChin髑ef锄ousCtlinese language cxpert,poiⅡts out mat“As far language is rllledasWang“,asentence strIlcturesareconcerned,tlle speakersEn弭jshby掣锄ma‘while thechinese language is r山edabytIlem∞lves’,①(王力,1984:53)Chi麟ea∞ther,柚d∞hesiVe ti∞arenotsemences now likestream,with tbeyareoneclause afterused笛0ften缸aIineseaasused in make itEr喀lish.HoweVe‘S0nletimes,there shollld be cohesive des in more logical and read mofe rh”圭lⅡljcal.ForaIinescsentence toex姗ple:江南,秋当然也是有的;尘草木凋得慢,空气来得润,天的颜色显得淡,并且又时常多雨儿少风……(郁达夫《故都的秋》)There is ofcourseautumn in the South too,but 0verthere plants wither slowIy,the air isoften rainymoist,the sky palljd,and it is morethan、Ⅳindy.frranslatedby ZlI醐g Pe日i)IlI thisex锄ple,“但”isanecessicy’because、Ⅳithoutit,t18 A:你不去,我也不去。 B:(因为)你不去,(所以)我也不去。Tfanslation:If you don’t go,1 won’t go eitheLMost of tlle native speakers Of aIinese wouId fee王Sentence A reads mOfe natu糟l tIlansentenceB,because the felatiOnship 0f causality otherbe咐eent|Ie twO clauses make theare s00bvjOus that aIldanyconjunctions,orcohesiVe tiesIieswould肌lyaresentenceredundaIltawkward.Sentenccswithout∞hesiVevery common in(hinese,sO when add jn releVant cohesiVe ties.tr蛐slatingCllinese jnto En酉jslI,tmnslators sbouldnot forgct toAs has been mentioⅡed before,the clauses inaChincse sentence may haVe theirao蜘su研ects卸d 皿dpredicates.It theis∞t曲commonthat it is h缸d t}

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