Identifying discourse connectives in biomedical text.
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2010 Nov 13;.Identifying discourse connectives in biomedical text.1, .1University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI.AbstractDiscourse connectives are words or phrases that connect or relate two coherent sentences or phrases and indicate the presence of discourse relations. Automatic recognition of discourse connectives may benefit many natural language processing applications. In this pilot study, we report the development of the supervised machine-learning classifiers with conditional random fields (CRFs) for automatically identifying discourse connectives in full-text biomedical articles. Our first classifier was trained on the open-domain 1 million token Penn Discourse Tree Bank (PDTB). We performed cross validation on biomedical articles (approximately 100K word tokens) that we annotated. The results show that the classifier trained on PDTB data attained a 0.55 F1-score for identifying discourse connectives in biomedical text, while the cross-validation results in the biomedical text attained a 0.69 F1-score, a much better performance despite a much smaller training size. Our preliminary analysis suggests the existence of domain-specific features, and we speculate that domain-adaption approaches may further improve performance.PMID:
[PubMed - in process] PMCID: PMC3041460 Plot of number of connectives against their frequency.AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 7-661.Plot of average of accuracies against the frequency of the connectives.AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 7-661.Full Text Sources
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Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant
The objects of discourse analysis—, writing, conversation, communicative —are variously defined in terms of coherent sequences of , , , or . Contrary to much of traditional linguistics, discourse analysts not only study language use 'beyond the sentence boundary', but also prefer to analyze 'naturally occurring' language use, and not invented examples.
is a closely related field. The essential difference between discourse analysis and text linguistics is that discourse analysis aims at revealing socio-psychological characteristics of a person/persons rather than text structure.
Discourse analysis has been taken up in a variety of
disciplines, including , education, , , , , , , , , , , and , each of which is subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies.
Topics of discourse analysis include:[]
The various levels or dimensions of discourse, such as
(, etc.), , , the , , , , , moves, , turns, and other aspects of
of discourse (various types of discourse in politics, the media, education, science, business, etc.)
The relations between discourse and the
The relations between text (discourse) and
The relations between discourse and
The relations between discourse and
The relations between discourse and
Political discourse analysis is a field of discourse analysis which focuses on discourse in political forums (such as debates, speeches, and hearings) as the phenomenon of interest.
requires discourse analysis to be effective from the
perspective.
Political discourse is the informal exchange of reasoned views as to which of several alternative courses of action should be taken to solve a societal problem.
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
of the subject. Please
and discuss the issue on the . (December 2010)
Although the ancient Greeks (among others) had much to say on discourse, some scholars[] consider the Austrian emigre 's Stilstudien [Style Studies] of 1928 the earliest example of discourse analysis (DA). It was translated into French by .
However, the term first came into general use following the publication of a series of papers by
beginning in 1952 and reporting on work from which he developed
in the late 1930s. Formal equivalence relations among the sentences of a coherent discourse are made explicit by using sentence transformations to put the text in a canonical form. Words and sentences with equivalent information then appear in the same column of an array. This work progressed over the next four decades (see references) into a science of
analysis (Kittredge & Lehrberger 1982), culminating in a demonstration of the informational structures in texts of a sublanguage of science, that of immunology, (Harris et al. 1989) and a fully articulated theory of linguistic informational content (Harris 1991). During this time, however, most linguists ignored these developments in favor of a succession of elaborate theories of sentence-level syntax and semantics.
In January, 1953, a linguist working for the American Bible Society, , needed to find answers to some fundamental errors in translating Quechua, in the Cuzco area of Peru. Following Harris's 1952 publications, he worked over the meaning and placement of each word in a collection of Quechua legends with a native speaker of Quechua and was able to formulate discourse rules that transcended the simple sentence structure. He then applied the process to Shipibo, another language of Eastern Peru. He taught the theory at the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Norman, Oklahoma, in the summers of 1956 and 1957 and entered the University of Pennsylvania to study with Harris in the interim year. He tried to publish a paper Shipibo Paragraph Structure, but it was delayed until 1970 (Loriot & Hollenbach 1970).[] In the meantime, Dr. , a professor at University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, taught the theory, and one of his students,
developed it in his writings.
Harris's methodology disclosing the correlation of form with meaning was developed into a system for the computer-aided analysis of natural language by a team led by
at , which has been applied to a number of sublanguage domains, most notably to medical informatics. The software for the
is publicly available on .
In the late 1960s and 1970s, and without reference to this prior work, a variety of other approaches to a new cross-discipline of DA began to develop in most of the humanities and social sciences concurrently with, and related to, other disciplines, such as , , , and . Many of these approaches, especially those influenced by the social sciences, favor a more dynamic study of oral talk-in-interaction. An example is "conversational analysis", which was influenced by the Sociologist Harold Garfinkel, the founder of .
In Europe,
became one of the key theorists of the subject, especially of discourse, and wrote . In this context, the term 'discourse' no longer refers to formal linguistic aspects, but to institutionalized patterns of knowledge that become manifest in disciplinary structures and operate by the connection of knowledge and power. Since the 1970s, Foucault?s works have had an increasing impact especially on discourse analysis in the social sciences. Thus, in modern European social sciences, one can find a wide range of different approaches working with Foucault?s definition of discourse and his theoretical concepts. Apart from the original context in France, there is, at least since 2005, a broad discussion on socio-scientific discourse analysis in Germany. Here, for example, the
developed his widely recognized ''. Following the
and , Keller argues, that our sense of reality in everyday life and thus the meaning of every objects, actions and events are the product of a permanent, routinized interaction. In this context, SKAD has been developed as a scientific perspective that is able to understand the processes of '' on all levels of social life by combining Michel Foucault's theories of discourse and power with the theory of knowledge by Berger/Luckmann. Whereas the latter primarily focus on the constitution and stabilisation of knowledge on the level of interaction, Foucault's perspective concentrates on institutional contexts of the production and integration of knowledge, where the subject mainly appears to be determined by knowledge and power. Therefore, the 'Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse' can also be seen as an approach to deal with the vividly discussed
in sociology.
The following are some of the specific theoretical perspectives and analytical approaches used in linguistic discourse analysis:
, studying the production and comprehension of discourse.
(counselling)
Although these approaches emphasize different aspects of language use, they all view language as social interaction, and are concerned with the social contexts in which discourse is embedded.
Often a distinction is made between 'local' structures of discourse (such as relations among sentences, propositions, and turns) and 'global' structures, such as overall topics and the schematic organization of discourses and conversations. For instance, many types of discourse begin with some kind of global 'summary', in titles, headlines, leads, abstracts, and so on.
A problem for the discourse analyst is to decide when a particular feature is relevant to the specification is required. Are there general principles which will determine the relevance or nature of the specification.
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, then a colleague of Harris in Linguistics at University of Pennsylvania, summarized and critically examined the development of Harris’s thought on discourse through 1969 in lectures attended by Harris’ colleagues and students in Philadelphia and Cambridge. Corcoran, John, 1972. "Harris on the Structures of Language", in Transformationelle Analyse, ed. Senta Pl?tz, Athen?um Verlag, Frankfurt, 275–292.
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Sager, Naomi & Ng? Thanh Nhàn. (2002.) "The computability of strings, transformations, and sublanguage". The Legacy of Zellig Harris: Language and information into the 21st Century, Vol. 2: Computability of language and computer applications, ed. by Bruce Nevin, John Benjamins, pp. 79–120.
Schiffrin, D., , & Hamilton, H. E. (eds.). (2001). Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell.
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: Hidden categories:谈discourse与text的意义及译名--《语文学刊》2008年03期
谈discourse与text的意义及译名
【摘要】：本文指出了discourse和text与汉语中的"话语"、"语篇"及"篇章"对应的随意性问题,剖析了有关学者在使用这两个术语时所表现的任意性的原因。通过深入分析discourse和text不同层次的含义,确定了二者的译名及其在实际使用中的标准。
【作者单位】：
【关键词】：
【分类号】：H315.9【正文快照】：
近几十年来,随着人类语言学、社会语言学、心理语言学、系统功能语言学的发展,语言专家和学者越来越致力于研究句子层次以上的单位,于是“话语”、“语篇”和“篇章”等说法纷纷跃然于有关外语研究的期刊和专著中。这三个概念让研究者们伤透了脑筋,学界对他们的界定历来是众
欢迎：、、)
支持CAJ、PDF文件格式，仅支持PDF格式
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陈向阳;[D];暨南大学;2000年
高清凤;[D];华中师范大学;2006年
林青;[D];福建师范大学;2006年
彭德军;[D];吉林大学;2009年
郭彩凤;[D];福建师范大学;2003年
王娟;[D];四川师范大学;2004年
田菊;[D];山西财经大学;2011年
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